Rules:  Exam is closed notes You are allowed to use a handheld calculator (online calculators are not allowed) Write your solutions to each question in a blank sheet(s). Exam will be proctored via Honorlock. This will record the whole exam session and will flag suspicious activity. Phones are not allowed during the exam and Honorlock will flag if one is accessed. When you’re ready to submit the exam, you will need to scan and upload. This will be the only time in which you may access the phone. Immediately after submitting the exam in Canvas, email Dr. Suarez and cc Dr. Adi. Send a copy of your exam in case there are issues with the submitted version. This needs to be done within 2- 3 minutes from the time that the exam closed. For clarification questions during the exam, please email Dr. Suarez or Dr. Adi

The carposporophyte generation of the triphasic life cycle of some red algae, including Polysiponia, is important because:

I affirm that I will complete this exam independently and without assistance from any person, resource, or unauthorized material. I will not share, discuss, or distribute any part of the exam content with others, either during or after the examination. I understand that maintaining academic integrity is my responsibility and that any violation of this commitment will be considered a breach of the honor code. I understand that I will get a penalty of 10% for not taking the exam during the scheduled date (Dec. 9, 2025). 

When considering management of nuisance macroalgal growth on coral reefs, bottom-up control refers to reducing:

Biological soil crusts (BSC) may include (select all true responses):

Which of the following signal transducers (receptors) requires a hormone (or a ligand) to carry out simple diffusion across one or more membranes before binding to each other?

True or False: States who have ratified the Geneva Conventions must allow representatives from the International Committee of the Red Cross to interview, in private, Prisoners of War who are being detained. (2 points)

Which of the following tactics would NOT be considered perfidy under international humanitarian law? (4 points)

True or False: insurgents engaged in a non-international conflict with their own government enjoy Prisoner of War status if captured. (3 points)

Which of the following individuals would NOT be given Prisoner of War status under international humanitarian law if captured by the enemy? (3 points)