The exclusionary rule allows illegally obtained evidence to be freely used in trial.

Jury instructions explain the law the jury must apply.

Habeas corpus can challenge constitutional violations after conviction.

Under California’s determinate sentencing system, most crimes are punished by:

Consecutive sentences run at the same time.

The judge must give reasons when selecting the upper term in a determinate sentence.

Sentencing philosophies help explain why punishments differ across cases.

A PSI often includes recommendations to the judge.

Aggravating factors generally reduce a sentencing range.

A criminal jury in California must reach a unanimous verdict in felony cases.