As cities grew and sprawled outward, a major challenge was efficient ___________within the city—from home to factories or shops, and then back again.

African Americans referred to the ________ as “The Great Betrayal.”

New cities were populated with___________ waves of new arrivals, who came to the cities to seek work in the businesses and factories there.

________  was perhaps the first prominent railroad magnate to be tarred with the “robber baron” brush.

Many immigrants were ___________ from their countries by a series of ongoing famines, by the need to escape religious, political, or racial persecution, or by the desire to avoid compulsory military service. 

Unlike Jay Gould’s exploitative business model, which focused on financial profit more than on tangible industrial contributions, Commodore ________ was a “robber baron” who truly cared about the success of his railroad enterprise and its positive impact on the American economy. 

Between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Great Depression, nearly two million African Americans fled the rural South to seek new opportunities elsewhere. While some moved west, the vast majority of this ___________, as the large exodus of African Americans leaving the South in the early twentieth century was called, traveled to the Northeast and Upper Midwest.

Mark Twain coined the phrase “Gilded Age” in a book he co-authored with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. The book  ________ the corruption of post-Civil War society and politics.

Between 1860 and 1890, the U.S. Patent Office issued nearly ________  patents, with another 235,000 in the last decade of the century.

The Black codes left no doubt that the former breakaway Confederate states intended to maintain ________  at all costs.