Which is not a necessary condition to show causal influence in an experiment?

I want to study whether public speaking training makes a difference in your career path/success.  I recruit 100 graduating students; 50 of them took public speaking training and 50 did not.  Every 5 years, I ask those exact same 100 people about their current job – for example, what level they are in the company, how much money they make, how much they travel, how many people report to them, how many times they’ve been promoted, etc.   What type of study is this? 

Typically, what things do surveys most typically seek to find out about respondents?

A survey question asks you to rank-order your top three favorite classes you’ve taken at UC.  So, number 1 is your most favorite (Research Methods, obviously), number 2 is your second favorite, and number 3 is your third favorite.    What level of measurement does this question use? 

Which of the following is the best description of a person’s sense of self?

A = {a,b,c,d}    X={1,2,3,4} The function f:A→X is defined as f={(a,4),(b,1),(c,4),(d,4)} Select the set corresponding to the range of f.

A = {a,b,c,d}      X={1,2,3,4} Select the definition for f:A→X that is a well-defined function.

The domain and target set for functions f and g is the set ℝ. f(x) = 2x            g(x)=3x           Select the correct expression for f∘g

In the state of Texas, what is considered regular school hours for a teacher?

The following studied the moral development of children except: