Many of the empires within Chapter 20 entrusted much power to the ____________________, the legal/religious scholars. The Safavids’ decline was in part due to this group emphasizing their own authority as interpreters of the law over that of the monarch and their increasing landholding power.

____________________ military victories led to his rising political influence​. He overthrew the government and replaced it with the Consulate, ending the French revolution​. He also issued a new Constitution in 1799, establishing himself as the First Consul.​

The ____________________ (1854-1856) originated with the long standing rivalry between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. France and Great Britain, in order to protect their interests in the eastern Mediterranean, supported the Ottoman Empire. Russia lost and the peace treaty was highly unfavorable to them. It shattered the image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed since the close of the Napoleonic Wars.

Part I. Fill in the Blank. (2 Pts. each question) The ____________________ is the period between the summer of 1793 and 1794 when the French revolutionary state used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies. It claimed as many as 40,000 victims.

BONUS: Answer the following three bonus questions. Five points awarded for each bonus question you answer correctly for a maximum of 10 points. Good luck! ____________________ (1473–1543) provided an intellectual springboard for a complete criticism of the Ptolemaic system (explanation of the universe, which placed Earth at the center of the universe; It combined the mathematical astronomy of Ptolemy with the physical cosmology of Aristotle). He set out to achieve new intelligibility and mathematical elegance for astronomy. His system did not immediately replace old astronomy, but it prompted others discontented with the Ptolemaic view to think in new directions.

Part II – Essay. Choose one of the following topics. Answer your selection in at least two, well-developed paragraphs (of 4-6 sentences each). Be sure to consider all concepts/questions that your selection covers in your answer. (20 points) Chapter 22: 1. Before 1750 almost no one seriously questioned the institution of slavery; by 1888 slavery no longer existed in the transatlantic economy. This vast transformation of economic and social life occurred as the result of an international effort, first to abolish the slave trade and then to abolish the institution of slavery itself. What intellectual and religious factors contributed to the rise of the antislavery movement? To what extent did nonhumanitarian forces contribute to it? What opposition did it meet? Why did slavery receive a new lease on life during the same years that the antislavery movement emerged? Chapter 23: 2. Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful political ideology in Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Nationalism was not necessarily or logically linked to liberalism, but liberalism & nationalism were often complementary. Define nationalism. What were the goals of nationalists? What were the principles or beliefs of liberalism? Who were the liberals, and how did liberalism affect the political developments of the early nineteenth century? What relationship does liberalism have to nationalism?

In Chapter 11 creating and pricing products there is reference to an element of the product life cycle.  What are the four stages of the life cycle? 1. 2. 3. 4.

The _________[1]________ was an 18th century movement led by the ________[2]________ who held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science. The movement included a number of writers living at different times in various countries​. They worked to expose contemporary social and political abuses and argued that reform was necessary and possible.

Within the Mughal Empire, a number of religious figures preached a spiritual piety that transcended the legalism of both the ulama and the Brahmans and rejected caste distinctions. There was also an upsurge of ____________________ (“loving devotion”) devotionalism that amounted to a Hindu revival.

Events leading up to the Revolution in the British Colonies in North America included the British drive for revenue from America. It began in 1764 with the ________[1]________ which specified that smugglers were to be tried in admiralty courts without juries and new taxes implemented on imports of certain goods. The next year, Parliament passed the ________[2]________, which put a tax on legal documents and other items.