Long-Response Questions: 20 points.Note: A minimum of 200 words required.   You can choose to answer one, some, or all of the questions below: What environmental and geographical factors influenced the development of early civilizations in the Americas, such as the Olmec, Maya, and Andean cultures? Compare and contrast the religious practices and beliefs of ancient American civilizations like the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. How did religion influence their governance and daily life? What evidence suggests that ancient American societies had complex systems of governance, and how did leaders maintain authority over their populations? How did the practice of human sacrifice in some ancient American civilizations reflect their religious beliefs and societal values?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points  Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   What role did the cities of Mecca and Medina play in the formation of Islam?  

Long-Response Questions: 20 points.Note: A minimum of 200 words required per response.   You can choose to answer one, some, or all of the questions below) Analyze the influence of religion and philosophy, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, or Confucianism, on the social and political structures of ancient Asian societies What does the archaeological evidence from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal about urban planning and social organization in the Indus Valley Civilization? How did geography influence the development of ancient Asian civilizations, such as those in the Indus Valley, China, and Mesopotamia? Compare the political systems of ancient China and the Indus Valley Civilization. How did these systems reflect the needs and values of their respective societies? What role did trade play in the cultural and technological exchanges between ancient Asian civilizations and their neighbors? Provide examples from the Silk Road or maritime routes.

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each. Note: A minimum of 100 words required.   How did politicians and emperors show respect for Roman family values by their actions and discourse?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   How did the relationship between men and women change with the advent of agriculture?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   What are some similarities between Christianity and Zoroastrianism?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   How would scholars describe the religious traditions of hunter-gatherer peoples, and what evidence might they use?

Selye suggested that stress makes us sick ____, whereas Sapolsky indicates that stress makes us sick ____.

According to Shelley Taylor, females may respond differently to stress than males. Their tendency to “tend and befriend” rather than “fight-or-flee” is associated with the secretion of ____ during stress in females.

According to some researchers, the ___ is the most damaging physiological stress pathway because of the effects of long-term exposure to increased ____ levels.