Endocannabinoids like 2-AG and anandamide are released in a direction across the synapse.

In the image below Cell B is an example of an cell.

NSAIDs reduce pain by inhibiting the enzyme , which produces prostaglandins.

How do μ-opioid agonists like morphine influence the activity of RVM neurons?

Vertebral artery infusion can selectively target central opioid receptors while minimizing activation.

Which of the following best describes the role of CB1 receptors in descending pain modulation?

The phenomenon where chronic opioid use paradoxically increases pain sensitivity is called

The is the midbrain structure that integrates cortical and limbic input and initiates descending pain inhibition.

Which of the following best explains the role of FAAH inhibitors in pain control?

The principal noradrenergic nucleus involved in pain modulation is the