In an adversarial system, the judge takes an active role in investigating the facts of the case and gathering evidence rather than relying on the parties to present evidence.

____________ was one of the most important police reformers of this time. He believed that police professionalism was achieved through effective crime control, educated officers, and nonpolitical public service (Baldwin, 2011).

The roots of modern probation can be traced back to _______________, who believed that criminals motivated by alcohol could be rehabilitated by human kindness and moral teachings rather than incarceration. 

The _____________ is responsible for handling cases involving federal laws, such as interstate commerce, taxation, or constitutional rights.

Other important rights, such as the right to privacy, are not explicitly stated in the Constitution, but they are protected through the due process clause.

This amendment prohibits the government from imposing cruel and unusual punishments on individuals. This means that punishments must be proportionate to the crime committed and cannot be excessively harsh or degrading.

____________ are one of the most common punishments for minor offenses and violations.

Officers may NEVER obtain special permission from a judge to execute a no-knock warrants. 

Supreme Court can exercise ____________________. This means that the justices get to decide which cases to review and which to pass over.

_______________________  is a philosophy that encourages organizational strategies that proactively use partnerships and problem-solving techniques to address the conditions that lead to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.