With respect to salvation, Calvin argued:

England challenged Spanish supremacy in the Atlantic by:

In the 1690s, the Hapsburgs were in power in all of the following places except:

There are a number of other ways we can potentially test for infections that were discussed in class.  Choose one diagnostic test and explain how it functions on a molecular level.  (8 sentences max) For full credit be sure to: Name which test you will describe. Describe how the test works on a molecular level. Describe what a positive test result looks like. Describe what a negative test result looks like.

Like all viruses, HIV must infect a host cell to replicate.  Name the five steps of the viral replication cycle in order. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5:

TB infections usually start in the lungs as the bacteria is spread through aerosols and droplets.  This transmission method is similar to caused by .  For full credit include the complete genus and species name of the bacteria.

In order to analyze RNA-seq data you must have an annotated genome.  Describe the process for identifying and annotating an open reading frame (ORF).  (5 sentences max) For full credit be sure to: Identify all search characteristics for identifying the location of the ORF. Explain how the ORF is annotated.

Data from Figure 2 was generated by performing bacterial growth curves.  Name the 4 stages of a typical bacterial growth curve in order. Phase 1: Phase 2:  Phase 3: Phase 4:

Below are two images of bacterial envelopes.  Identify the envelopes as Gram positive or Gram negative. A: B:

Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize in 1905 for establishing the Germ Theory of Disease when he used postulates to discover that the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis (TB).  Which of the following are included in Koch’s postulates?  Choose all that apply.