Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize in 1905 for establishing the Germ Theory of Disease when he used postulates to discover that the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis (TB).  Which of the following are included in Koch’s postulates?  Choose all that apply.

HIV is a naked virus.

TB infections are often diagnosed by collecting sputum samples from the patient’s lungs and staining the cells to view under the microscope (Figure 5).  Based on the microscopic image, what is the morphology of M. tuberculosis? Figure 5: Microscopic image of M. tuberculosis in a sputum sample.  M. tuberculosis cells are stained pink and labeled with arrows.

Describe how VapBC expression is regulated on a molecular level.  (6 sentences max) For full credit be sure to: Name and describe the function of all proteins involved in the regulation. Describe what is happening on a molecular level when the genes are transcribed. Describe what is happening on a molecular level when the genes are not transcribed.

TB can also be diagnosed through a skin test.  During a TB skin test, patients are exposed to tuberculin (a purified protein from M. tuberculosis) via an injection on the inner forearm.  The sight of injection is observed after 48-72 hours.  If the patient has been infected with M. tuberculosis, a large raised hard area of swelling will appear (Figure 6).  This is the result of… Choose all that apply. Figure 6: TB skin test.  Inoculation method (left) and positive result (right).

The mantle surrounds the inner core and consists of solid iron and nickel.

This international agreement in 1987 was put into effect to regulate the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to protect the ozone layer.

What are the two most common conditions that contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPS

Which is a FALSE statement of sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

What type of terrain are sink holes most common?