The tissue/structure which creates the predominant obstruction in the oropharynx is the: 

Caring for a patient with Osteoarthritis includes:

Upon assessment of a patient who does not open their eyes and does not have a motor / verbal response, the cumulative Glascow Coma Scale Score is: 

An infrequently occurring, severely impacting, yet often disclosed risk of anesthesia is: 

Vasodilation and increased blood flow to cerebral arteries can be accomplished by:

The only complete ring of the trachea is the:

According to a MRI report, a patient has a 0.5cm midline shift of their brain. This confirms suspicions of:

High risk for latex sensitivity includes: (Select 2)

The right loop of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is looped around the: 

A 72 year old patient is having a preoperative evaluation. They state they have quit smoking for one year, but had smoked 1 pack of cigarettes every day for 20 years, and then cut back to 1/2 a pack of cigarettes a day for the next 30 years. Calculate their approximate total pack years of smoking. Enter a whole number only.