Finished in 1825, what transportation portal covered 325 miles linking Albany and Buffalo and boosted New York City as a commercial hub? 

What 1803 SCOTUS decision established the concept of judicial review. The SCOTUS assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government. 

Which term was originally used for pro-Constitution supporters; it became the name for one of the two political parties in the 1790s. They supported Britain in foreign policy and commercial interests at home. Members included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. 

Who did the USA fight in the War of 1812? 

At the end of the War of 1812, Federalist held a secret meeting to discuss changes to the Constitution. This made them seem unpatriotic and even treasonous. What was the name of this meeting? 

The Treaty of Greenville witnessed Native Americans of the Northwest Confederacy cede lands that are a part of what present-day state? 

Which treaty between the US and Britain was a humiliation to Washington’s presidency?

As part of the Missouri Compromise (1820), which state was admitted to the Union as a free state whereby Missouri would be a slave state? 

In 1824, Andrew Jackson felt the presidential election had been stolen and he blamed John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. What did they call the election of 1824? 

This question is for graduate students only. Undergraduates do not need to answer this question.  Several of the recent papers we have read for the class focus on how different organisms that are within the same group have different ecological roles (crayfish in the Wilson et al. 2004 paper, algae in the Cardinale 2011 paper, and guppies in the Simon et al. 2017 paper). Choose one of these examples and describe (1) why the authors were interested in the differences among these particular organisms (what ecological question were they interested in?) and (2) one way that the ecological role of the organisms that were compared in the paper differed. In addition, explain (3) whether the findings of this paper are relevant for managing aquatic ecosystems, and if so, how they are relevant.