An 80-year-old female with a history of recurrent infections is diagnosed with a late-stage cancer.   What role does immunosenescence play in her cancer progression? 

What is the role of calcium in the clotting cascade? 

A 65-year-old female presents with chronic hip pain and stiffness, especially in the morning. Imaging studies reveal joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation in the hip joint.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A 22-year-old female basketball player presents with knee pain and swelling after landing awkwardly from a jump. She reports hearing a “pop” at the time of injury. Physical examination reveals a positive Lachman test.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

An 8-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is being evaluated for shortness of breath. Which complication is most likely contributing to his symptoms? 

A 28-year-old female presents with fatigue and heavy menstrual bleeding. Laboratory tests reveal a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL and MCV of 75 fL. 

What is a primary consequence of the increased rate of hemolysis in sickle cell disease? 

How does genotyping tumor cells benefit cancer treatment? 

A patient is diagnosed with influenza, a viral infection. Which part of the virus’s life cycle is targeted by antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?

A 30-year-old male athlete experiences increased bone density in his lower limbs after a period of intense training.  Which cells are primarily responsible for this adaptive response?