Probabilistic Reasoning Suppose you have a standard deck of 52 cards, and suppose that it is well-shuffled.  Also suppose that you are drawing cards without replacement (i.e., when you draw a card, you do not put it back into the deck before drawing the next one).  (A standard deck of cards is composed of four suits—two black (spades and clubs) and two red (hearts and diamonds)—each containing one each of the following: ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, and King.)   What is the probability that you draw a red card or a 3 on your first draw? 

Fill in the Blanks   A chance setup is __________________ if and only if the relative frequency in the long run of each outcome is equal to that of any other.

Sediment eroded from the Appalachian Mountains ended up in:

From oldest to youngest, the periods of the Cenozoic are:

Animals of the Pleistocene tended to be ____ than present day animals.

Placental and marsupial mammals differ from monotremes in that ____.

Astronomers use many different methods to determine distances to objects in our cosmos.  Put the objects in order from method used for the farthest objects (1) to closest (4). 

Evaluating Entailment Statements Say whether the following entailment statement is true or false.  If the statement is false, then come up with a counter example to it that demonstrates that it is false.   A person works hard –> he or she retires with a lot of money.

During periods of glaciation, sea level rises.

The following is the equation sheet you will need for the math questions on this exam.  Please only use the Unit 3 equations, constants, and conversions as discussed in lecture. As a scientist, lucky to still have a job at JWST, you are studying all kinds of galaxies. Your task is to figure out how fast (in km/s) a new galaxy is moving if it has a known location of `d` million light years away. Please see and comply with the input instructions below: Input Instructions:  Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.  As I have already generously provided the final units, do not type any words or letters in your answer.  Use standard comma placement, when necessary instead of E or scientific notation.  For example:  1,234.