The Bloodlands of Eastern Europe were particularly brutal for Jews during the Holocaust. As the front lines moved back and forth, Jews had to navigate the violence perpetrated by the Nazi Germans, anti-Semitic Soviets, and their neighbors who may turn them into the authorities in order to gain favor with them. Historian Timothy Snyder referred to this delicate balancing act as being caught between [BLANK-1].

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):In what ways did Africans resist European colonization during the period of New Imperialism, from c. 1870 to 1914? What were some of the most-effective forms of resistance? What were the limits to African resistance? What ultimately gave Europeans the edge in terms of opposing African resistance to their rule?Describe the public health crisis in Great Cities during the Second Industrial Revolution. Who were some specific urban planners and health professionals that met these challenges? What, in particular, did these figures do to improve the health of city dwellers? What were the contributions of women in this regard? What was the ultimate effect of these improvements? What public health improvement developed during this period do you believe has had the most profound effect on human societies; why?Trace the progression of European artwork (including literature and music) from nineteenth-century Realism and Romanticism to the radically-different movements of Impressionism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Futurism, Cubism, and Dadaism in the twentieth century? [You need to address several of these movements, but you are not expected to discuss each of them]. Do you believe they are a result of the Great War or do these changes stem from something else?

[BLANK-1] was a political philosophy that developed during the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as a triumphant moment but believed there was no need to go much further. They promoted freedom from government control, freedom of the press, free speech, free assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the protection of property rights. This ideology appealed to the middle class and supporters favored a restricted franchise of mostly elite men; few pushed for more radical brands of change such as democracy or republicanism. Key supporters include Alexis de Tocqueville, Jeremy Bentham, and Adam Smith. 

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology fought to maintain the status quo that favored traditional elites. They viewed the French Revolution as a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability. Supporters believed that change must occur within existing traditions and institutions. Key supporters include Klemens von Metternich and Edmund Burke.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Hungarian revolutionaries pushed for autonomy from Habsburg-ruled Austria, full civil liberties, and the end to feudal privileges. This unrest forced the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand I, to abdicate in favor of his nephew, [BLANK-1]. However, once the new emperor abolished serfdom, the Hungarian revolutionary coalition fell apart as the newly free peasants felt no need to continue the revolutionary struggle. Facing a splintered coalition, the new monarch reversed some of his promises and began to rule Hungary as a conquered territory.

[BLANK-1] was held during the Summer of 1945 and featured American President Harry S Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This occurred following the defeat of Nazi Germany and these Allied powers met to discuss the post-war peace process and future of the world following the horrors of World War II. This was the first Allied meeting for Truman, who had replaced the recently deceased FDR and Churchill would be replaced in the middle of the meeting by Clement Attlee after losing his re-election bid. The Allies agreed that an unconditional surrender was necessary from the Axis Powers to end the war and Truman informed his allies about the creation of a new superweapon: the atomic bomb.

[BLANK-1] originated as a regional conflict, but quickly turned into a proxy war during the Cold War. It lasted from 1950-1953 and ended in a stalemate with little more than symbolic gains for either side. The northern belligerents initially gained the upper hand until an American and United Nations force landed at Inchon, and drove the troops back toward the Chinese border. At that point, Communist China invaded and pushed the American-led troops back to 38th parallel, where a fragile truce was signed.

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. It was perhaps the most radical and also the most influential of the ideologies to emerge from the era. Early adherents of this ideology argued that each ethnic people had their own spirit and cultural unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history and could serve as the basis for an independent political state. Adherents argued that these unified groups of people should rule themselves. As the ideology progressed, some theorists added nuance to the ideology suggesting that the origins of the unified groups of people came from industrial demands on society, not pro-modern origins. Others argued that these groups were imagined communities as modern societies were too large and diverse to truly represent one people with a common language, culture, and history. This political ideology merged with other ideologies of the nineteenth century to strengthen each movement. Key supporters include Johan Gottfried Herder, Giuseppe Mazzini, Otto von Bismarck, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Now the French National Anthem, [BLANK-1] was a war-time song that developed in southern France during the more radical phases of the French Revolution. The lyrics of the song (such as “to arms, citizens, form your battalions, let’s march, let’s march, until impure blood waters the furrows of our fields” and “may your perishing enemies see your triumph and our glory” illustrate the nationalist ideology that was present in France at the time and the violent, warlike attitude that went with defending the fatherland.

Pope Paul III established the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, or [BLANK-1] for short, in the 1530s. This body held judicial authority over the members of its faith and had the power to imprison and execute offenders of the faith. This institution famously opposed many of the ideas that arose during the Scientific Revolution, such as the theory of the heliocentric universe. Galileo Galilei was a famous scientist put on ecumenical trial by this body. Galileo was accused of heresy for publishing a book suggesting that the planets revolved around the Sun, not the Earth. He recanted after being threatened with torture, but was still placed on house arrest for the remainder of his life.