Here is an excerpt from a diagnostic study by Sgori et al. (2018) titled: Diagnostic Value of Clinical Tests for Supraspinatus Tendon Tears   All patients were then preoperatively examined in our outpatient sports medicine clinic by 2 orthopaedic surgeons specialized in sports orthopedics. The examiners were blinded and were given no information about the diagnosis and upcoming operation for each patient. During the clinical examination, the supraspinatus tendon was evaluated using 7 clinical tests: the empty can test, the full can test, the zero-degree abduction test, the Whipple test, the scapular retraction test, the drop arm test, and the modified drop arm test. All patients underwent arthroscopy of the shoulder during which the supraspinatus tendon was examined from the articular as well as the bursal side and pathologies were treated, if necessary. In all cases, the decision to perform arthroscopy was made previously, in a blinded fashion and independently from the study. All arthroscopies were performed by 2 board-certified orthopaedic surgeons specialized in shoulder surgery. In order to avoid overestimating the results, the surgeons who performed the arthroscopic examination were blinded to the results of the clinical tests and other diagnostic testing. The clinical examiners and the surgeons were not the same. In order to assess the sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, diagnostic odds ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and the area under the curve of the tests, the intraoperative findings were compared with the results of the clinical examination.   You are appraising this study to determine whether you should use it to answer your foreground question: “In individuals with suspected rotator cuff tears, what clinical test is most effective at identifying rotator cuff tears?”     Provide 3 factors that are related to the excerpt that would influence your appraisal of the quality of this diagnostic study.  Indicate how it would influence your decision-making process (3 points per factor for a total of 9 points).

A gold (Au) coin has a mass of 1.732 g.   How many moles of gold does the coin contain?

Use the following to answer questions 10-12:   Jean Siskel is an entertainment analyst for West Coast Securities. He is trying to develop a model to estimate gross earnings generated by a new movie release.  He has collected the following data on 20 movies: Gross Earnings, Production Costs, Promotion Costs, and if the movie is based on a bestseller novel: Data: Movies    

Use the following to answer questions 7-9:   Three brands of automobile waxes were compared by evaluating the length of time in days that the wax was effective on a random sample of cars: (data: Waxes)   Wax #1 Wax #2 Wax #3 46 41 57 49 55 49 48 52 52 50 53 57 51 43 58 46 46 51 49 49 57 50 55 54 45 50 53 49 56 52 51 44 50 48 49 49 45 55 50 50 47 48 51 46 46 49 58 48 45 48 47  

Where did Christianity begin? 

You estimate from your patient’s history, symptoms, and diagnostic testing that she has a 60% pre-test probability of a ruptured ACL.  After evaluating the patient and obtaining a positive finding on the Lachman’s Test, you determine she is 6 times more likely to have a ruptured ACL than your pre-test probability.  This value would be expressed as a:

The least-significant difference test is used to:

Which study design represents the best available evidence for diagnostic research?

A 72 year-old male presents complaining that a “curtain” has gone down over the top half of his field of vision in the right eye. The onset was sudden, approximately 2 hours ago. PE confirms that the patient has no vision in the top half of the visual field but normal vision in the bottom half of the right eye. Fundoscopic exam of the right eye shows that half of the retina appears normal, the other half is gray and opaque. PE of the left eye is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

You work in a direct access outpatient orthopedic physical therapy clinic.  You evaluate a patient with a positive finding according to the Ottawa Ankle Rules CPR, in which there is ankle pain and the patient is unable to take four steps both immediately following the injury and in your clinic.  What would be your next step?