Question 3: Analyzing Concepts: Cardiorespiratory form and function and physiological needs, 18 points Give an in-depth explanation written in paragraph or diagram form for the following questions.   Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because of how an animal’s bioenergetic costs increase as a function of its body volume and surface area. Respiratory surfaces (lungs in most terrestrial vertebrates, gills in most aquatic vertebrates, or unspecialized tissues in many invertebrates) must have qualities that allow for the diffusion of gas across the surface in proportion to those bioenergetic needs of the animal. Compare and contrast the physiological needs of small and large animals using the relationship between body size and surface area. (4 pts) Analyze. What qualities of a gas exchange/respiratory surface and cardiovascular or other cellular structures might allow for “higher physiological performance” in an (a) ectotherm and (b) endotherm of similar sizes? (6 pts) Describe the physiological challenges that an organism faces, related to bioenergetic costs, due to the difference in behavior between CO2 and O2 in both water and air, and describe major evolutionary innovations to this problem. (8 pts)

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