​The _________________ refers to an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation.

The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is: ​

According to the authors,         is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.​

​During the early 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to        most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights:

​The       was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

​For most of U.S. history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals only from acts of the federal government.

​Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation.​

​The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:

​During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and: