Cutaneous larval migrans (CLM) in humans is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis and Ancylostoma tubaeforme

The stage of hookworms that is infective for the definitive host is the following:

The adult worms of Paragonimus kellicotti and Fasciola hepatica infect the liver of the definitive host.

Heterobilharzia americana, which has dogs as a definitive host, can infect humans and cause swimmer’s itch / swamp itch.

Why is colonization considered the most difficult step in the metastasis-invasion cascade?

A client brings in their dog, who is suffering  from a chronic cough that is hard and dry.  Sometimes the dog also retches, particularly after exercising.   A bronchoscopy is done and nodules in the trachea are noted, similar to the ones shown below. What nematode is responsible for this pathology?

What best describes micrometastasis in the context of the metastasis-invasion cascade?

Fenbendazole has a broad spectrum of activity.  Besides treating roundworms and hookworms in small animals, it also has activity against both Taenia spp and Dipylidium caninum.

Fascioloides magna is a large fluke (up to 8 cm in length) and Nanophyetus salmincola is similarly large in size

TThe longest tapeworm found in dogs and cats is from the Diphyllobothrium spp.  Effective treatment requires 8 times the normal dose of praziquantel.