(01.01 LC) Up until 1938, paleontologists accepted the idea that coelacanths (an ancient fish) went extinct at the time that they last appear in the fossil record, about 80 million years ago. But in 1938, a live coelacanth was discovered off the coast of South Africa that was compared to the fossil record and found to be the same species. What focus of science does this discovery represent? (3 points)

(02.01 MC) Plate tectonics is the theory explaining the structure of the earth’s crust and the resulting features and processes of the interaction of the plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. There are four boundary zones that are created by these plate interactions. Which process is responsible for forming the islands of Japan? (3 points)

(01.02 LC) The structure of carbonic acid, an important component of ocean chemistry, is depicted below. What type of model best describes this figure? (3 points) Public Domain

(01.03 LC) Organisms living in the deep bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones require oxygen for respiration. What process brings oxygen from the epipelagic zone to deeper oceanic zones? (3 points)

(01.01 MC) A marine scientist collected data regarding the height of the tide at Clearwater Beach over the course of a week. The data is shown below. Tidal Height Vs. Time during January 17-24 at Clearwater Beach, FL Day Low Tide High Tide 18-Jan 1:10 AM 6:39 PM 19-Jan 2:11 AM 7:40 PM 20-Jan 3:10 AM 8:37 PM 21-Jan 4:01 AM 9:28 PM 22-Jan 4:44 AM 10:14 PM 23-Jan 5:24 AM 10:55 PM 24-Jan 6:01 AM 11:33 PM She concludes the tide will always be lowest at night. Is she correct? (3 points)

(02.06 LC) Coal-fired power plants release emissions such as nitrogen compounds into the air. The nitrogen and water cycle combine when nitrogen returns to the soil as acid rain through which water cycle process? (3 points)

(02.05 MC) What evidence suggests that the ocean influences climate change? (3 points)

(01.03 MC) Why is pressure greater in the abyssopelagic zone than in the bathypelagic zone? (3 points)

(01.04 MC) There are several properties of water that make Earth a suitable environment for life, including water’s high boiling point and high heat capacity. Which best explains why this characteristic of water is important for marine life? (3 points)

(02.02 MC) In recent years, scientists have collected data on populations of Adelie and Gentoo penguins. Adelie penguins are ice dependent. They rely on sea ice as a foraging platform for feeding on prey such a krill and fish, while Gentoo penguins are considered ice-intolerant. How does the data in the graph support or refute the theory of global climate change? (3 points) © 2016, NOAA