[BLANK-1] described the cultural importance of the tianguiz, or marketplace, in Mexica society. Marketplaces were held in extremely high esteem, housed shrines with food offerings, and had feast days dedicated to their honor. Marketplaces specialized in certain goods, with the marketplaces in Azcapotzalco and Itzocan dedicated to selling slaves (usually prisoners of war who would be used as human sacrifices). The slaves set aside for human sacrifice would be ritually bathed, dressed in fine clothes, treated divinely, given the best food to eat, and then sacrificed to the gods.

At the end of the twelfth century, the Muslim scholar Maulana Burhān ud-dīn Marghīnānī wrote [BLANK-1]. In this text, he discussed the rules regarding Muslim marriage and stated that Muslim men could practice polygamy and marry as many as four wives, as that number was explicitly expressed in the Qur’an. The wives could be free women or slaves and he argued against an older Muslim scholar named Shāfi’ī, who claimed that only one of the wives could be a slave. According to Marghīnānī, any number of the four wives could be slaves or free women.

[BLANK-1] were a nomadic group of Euroasian Steppe People who were founded around 552 and were the first Inner Asian people to found large states and leave a written record. They never united, however, and often fought against one another, rarely founding a lasting state. They came into frequent conflict with both Tang China and the Byzantine Empire. By the tenth century, most members of this group converted to Islam, however, they did not adopt Arabic trappings. They maintained their own distinct culture, language, customs, and identity distinct from Arab Muslims.

Key Term Bank​Anasazi Cultures​Andalusia​Arabian Camels​Bactrian Camels​The Battle of Hattin​Book of the Gods and Rites​The Delhi Sultanate​Esoteric Buddhism​Fulcher of Chartres​Guidance: Alms, Marriage, and Testimony​The Gupta Empire​Honen Buddhism​Joseph de Acosta​Khanates​Llamas​Magyars​Mahmud of Ghazni​Mongols​Peasants​The Pyramid of the Sun​Scholasticism​Serfs​Shinran Buddhism​The Tale of Genji​The Tale of Heike​The Tea Trade​Turks​Vikings​Xiongnu​Yi Song-gye

The Black Death was a destabilizing event in Europe and significantly altered the social behavior of the people it affected. The Florentine Humanist Giovanni Boccaccio the crisis in his Effects of the Black Death in Florence (ca. 1352). His account of the plague described a sense of normlessness or lack of social mores among the populace and a complete collapse of social structures – an effect that later historians and social scientists would term [BLANK-1]. Boccaccio described husbands abandoning wives, parents abandoning their children, strangers wandering into random houses, people fleeing into the hillsides, merrymaking and bacchanalia in some corners of the city and cloistered shut-ins in other corners. Women laughing at funerals and losing all modesty in regard to exposing their bodies were among the social mores broken during the time of the plague.

During the Italian Renaissance, the subjects of artwork differed dramatically from those that had been commissioned by the Catholic Church during the Medieval Period. The Catholic Church had focused exclusively on religious subjects, usually of a repetitive theme such as the Crucifixion or Mother Mary holding the Baby Jesus (Madonna and Child). During the Renaissance, however, private patrons outside church control commissioned artists to paint, sculpt, or draw other topics. Portraits of wives, mistresses, or family members, as well as still life subjects such as fruit, larders, flowers, or depictions of the banal became known as [BLANK-1]. The Catholic Church found these artistic depictions obscene and objectionable because they did not relate to historical or religious subjects.

[BLANK-1] was one of the most celebrated artists and thinkers of the Italian Renaissance. He was known as a Renaissance Man because he excelled in multiple artistic forms: painting, drawing, and engineering. He worked in Florence (the center of Renaissance genius) and effectively established a unique style in his artwork. He proposed a number of engineering models (including a flying machine similar to the helicopter – an invention that wouldn’t exist for another 600 years) and expressed a fascination with anatomy and anatomical perspective (his sketches of human organs suggest that either he or an assistant resorted to grave robbing in order to effectively understand the human body and his sketch, “Vitruvian Man” is celebrated for creating “perfect proportions” for the human body in artwork). He is known for his celebrated paintings, “The Mona Lisa,” “The Last Supper,” “Madonna of the Rocks,” and “Lady with an Ermine.”

Joan of Arc was a vassal to the Dauphin, the uncrowned king of France known as [BLANK-1], during the Hundred Years’ War. The Dauphin gave Joan command of armies that led to the liberation of Orléans and Reims. These victories allowed the Dauphin to be crowned King of France and paved the way for French victory in the lengthy war. This king, however, sacrificed Joan of Arc like a pawn. When she was captured by Burgundians, they offered to ransom her to the king. Despite all she had done for the king, he did not want to pay the money for her ransom – a decision that led to her death. As king, this man revived the monarchy and France after the dreadful 116-year long Hundred Years’ War. He reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, and created the first permanent royal army anywhere in Europe.

[BLANK-1] was an Austrian-based dynastic family that used marriage ties and wealth to strengthen their power across Europe. This family dynasty reached its height under Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and extended its territory well beyond the Holy Roman Empire, with lands in Austria, Netherlands, Spain, Northern Italy, and elsewhere. This group was among the staunchest defenders of Catholicism in the period of religious turmoil brought on by the Protestant Reformation. They engaged in frequent wars against the Ottoman Empire, and also the French (despite the shared Catholic religion between them). They were among the groups to suffer the greatest loss of political power following the results of the Thirty Years’ War.

Consider the problem of finding the maximum value in an array of integers. The following code segments are proposed solutions to the problem. Assume that the variable arr has been defined as an array of int values and has been initialized with one or more values. Which of the code segments will always correctly assign the maximum element of the array to the variable max ?