Ties are provided in reinforced concrete columns for four reasons. One of these reasons is _______.

In small buildings, the most frequently used concrete strength is _______ to _______ psi.

A load that has been misaligned on a concrete column is called a/an _______ load.

A load that has been misaligned on a concrete column is called a/an _______ load.

In nonseismic regions, ties are generally spaced approximately one column width apart.

When a column is under compression, the column shortens and contracts laterally.

Determine the maximum axial strength φPn,max for the following tied column.Column width, b = 28 in.Column thickness, h = 12 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 12Size of longitudinal bars = No. 8Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 4,000 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

Spirals are normally made from Grade-_____ steel.

To minimize splice lengths, choose the smallest practical bar size and the highest practical concrete strength.

For tied columns in seismic regions, ties are spaced roughly the width of the column apart.