This exam contains 5 questions. You must choose 2 questions to answer. All questions are equally weighted. Below, you will see a list of all 5 questions. After that, there are two answer boxes—one for each of your chosen questions.Use one box per answer. Since there are only two boxes, you only need to answer 2 out of the 5 questions. Within each answer box, please ensure you tell us which question you are answering. For example: ‘I am answering Question 1’. Discuss the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer. Include in your answer the histological and molecular changes which lead to normal mucosa developing into an advanced carcinoma with specific reference to the Vogelstein model (70%), and which treatment options are available including targeted therapies (30%) Discuss the epidemiology (25%), risk factors (25%) and disease progression including molecular basis of disease for non-small cell lung cancer and how fibrosis of the lung can develop (50%) Evaluate the role of autophagy in cancer, including in your answer a discussion of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and how this knowledge can be applied to cancer prognosis and treatment.   4a) Discuss the pathobiology of HPV infection in cervical cancer. Discuss the molecular mechanism and the transition of tissue from normal to abnormal during disease progression detailing how the cytopathology can identify these transitions.           (60%) 4b) Discuss the improvements to cervical cancer screening and public health and how that has improved outcomes for the health of the population of the UK. (40%)   Discuss the importance of androgen receptor signalling in the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. In your answer, contrast the different means by which this signalling pathway can be targeted in the treatment of patients with these diseases as well as comparing and contrasting the histological changes seen in both diseases. (100%)

[FinA] Variables such as awareness of self-esteem, and other traits, tend to predict success in employment. This describes consciousness from the perspective of which of the following?

[FinA] “The puppy whines at the door in order to be let outside.” What would be the best way to self-edit this statement using behavior-analytic language?

[FinA] Which of the following statements represents the most relativist position on a moral or ethical code?

[FinA] Four friends are at work when they all receive a severe weather warning over the work intercom. Mike says, “This is scary. I can feel myself starting to hyperventilate. I hate this.” His coworker, Gene, says, “Just take a deep breath, Mike. The employees of the company have practiced drills related to severe weather. If they receive the notification, we will all work as a team to stay safe.” Brandy looked at the cloudy sky and said, “Gene has a point, but the way the weather is looking, if some employees do not hear the weather warning, they may not know they need to follow the weather safety protocols.” Ethel said, “C’mon, guys let’s all just hunker down and weather this storm.” Which of the following is an example of self-awareness?

[FinA] Marissa uses a shaping procedure to desensitize her client, Jonas, to dental tools and dental procedures so he can visit the dentist without engaging in problem behavior during appointments. This is an example of:

[FinA] Julio goes out to eat after earning an A on the final exam. This is an example of:

[MidB] Four friends spent a day at the beach in the hot sun. The next day, they all had terrible headaches. Luther’s headache was mild, and he had been drinking water throughout the day. Portia and Trent both had more intense headaches, and they drank water only a few times during their outing. Hannah had the worst headache, and drank hardly any water all day. The friends all determine that lack of water caused their headaches. This is an example of which method by Mill?

[MidB] In the early 1980s, many drivers in Texas saw throwing trash out of their window as their “God-given right.” The state’s department of transportation launched an anti-littering campaign featuring recognizable celebrities using the phrase, “Don’t mess with Texas.”  The campaign resulted in reduced rates of littering on the roadways. This is an example of:

[MidB] Beau indicated that he came to understand his staff’s behavior by thinking through the reasons why his staff might be engaging in the behavior. This statement represents a belief in which of the following?