Chаpter 3: Key-Term ReferenceCоculture — A grоup whоse members shаre chаracteristics, experiences, or patterns of communication while also belonging to a larger culture.Collectivistic culture — A culture that emphasizes group membership, harmony, and the needs or goals of the group.Cultural humility — An ongoing willingness to learn about others, examine your own assumptions, and remain open, respectful, and adaptable.Culture — The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn.Ethnicity — Identification with a social group based on factors such as nationality, culture, religion, or another shared perspective.Ethnocentrism — The belief or attitude that one's own culture is superior to others.Gender — A socially constructed set of expectations about what it means to be masculine, feminine, or otherwise gendered.High-context culture — A culture in which people rely heavily on context, relationships, shared understanding, and nonverbal cues to interpret messages.Imaginary audience — The belief, especially common during adolescence, that other people are constantly observing and judging you.Individualistic culture — A culture that emphasizes individuality, independence, personal goals, and individual expression.In-group — A group with which a person identifies and feels a sense of belonging.Intercultural communication competence — The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people from different cultural backgrounds.Intersectionality theory — The idea that people's multiple identities overlap and interact to shape their experiences.Low-context culture — A culture in which people rely more heavily on explicit, direct verbal messages to communicate meaning.Out-group — A group a person views as different from or outside their own group.Personal fable — The belief, especially common during adolescence, that one's experiences are unique and others cannot fully understand them.Power distance — The perceived gap between people with substantial power and those with less.Prejudice — An unfair attitude toward others based on their membership in a group.Race — A socially constructed category historically based largely on perceived physical characteristics.Salience — The degree to which a particular identity or cultural difference stands out or seems important in a particular situation.Sex — A biological category involving physical characteristics.Social media snarks — People who post insulting or sarcastic comments about others online.Social media trolls — People who deliberately post provocative material online to upset others or create conflict.Stereotyping — Making exaggerated generalizations about members of a group.Uncertainty avoidance — The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened or uncomfortable with unclear, ambiguous, or unpredictable situations.Unfair discrimination — Denying people opportunities or equal treatment based on prejudice, stereotypes, or group membership.Personality and CommunicationWe also examined how personality can interact with culture and context to influence communication.Openness — Curious and exploratory ↔ practical and drawn to the familiar.Conscientiousness — Structured and deliberate ↔ flexible and spontaneous.Extraversion — Talkative and outwardly expressive ↔ reflective and reserved.Agreeableness — Harmony-oriented and cooperative ↔ more challenging or skeptical.Emotional Reactivity — More sensitive and reactive ↔ more steady and resilient.
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Mаrbury v. Mаdisоn (1803) gаve the Cоurt the pоwer to declare an act of congress unconstitutional. This is known as the power of