Type yоur respоnse tо the following prompt in the text box below. A common ingredient in mаny prepаred foods is pаrtially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Using palmitoleic acid as an example, give the name of the compound that forms upon hydrogenation and describe the possible byproduct of the hydrogenation process that poses a health concern and describe how and why hydrogenation of an oil affects the melting point of the material.
Uplоаd аn imаge оf yоur answers to this question. Draw the following structures: Oleamide, the simple amide (NH2) of oleic acid has been isolated from the spinal fluid of cats and identified as the molecule responsible for causing sleep. In humans, oleoyl ethanolamide is an endogenous regulator of food intake produced in the intestines and has potential as an anti-obesity drug. Draw the structure of oleic acid. (2 pts.) Anandamide functions as an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid (psychoactive compounds in marijuana) receptors in humans and gets its name from the Sanskrit word, “ananda”, meaning bliss. This compound is the ethanolamine (HO-CH2-CH2-NH2) amide of arachidonic acid. Draw the structure of anandamide. (3 pts.) Saplenic acid 16:1(D10) is the most abundant lipid component of human sebum. Draw the structure of this fatty acid. (2 pts.) Phosphtidylserine is a regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death, causing a cell to commit “suicide”) in response to calcium-dependent stimuli. Draw a phosphatidylserine of your choice with two different unsaturated fatty acids and give the names of the acids you chose to draw. (3 pts.) Ceramide-1-phosphate is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis or programmed cell death, as well as an inducer of cell survival. Draw the ceramide that has a linolenic acid attached and a phosphate attached at the terminal, 1 position. (3 pts.) A very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) is found in a glycerophopholipid associated with the retinal membrane in the eye. This is a phosphtidyl choline compound with DHA (docosahexenoic acid – C-22:6 (D4….) esterified at the 1 position of the glycerol and a C-34:6
Uplоаd аn imаge оf yоur answer to these questions. In the liver and to a lesser extent in the cortex of the kidney, glucose is synthesized from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis). Most of the enzymes of glycolysis are used to catalyze the glycolytic reactions in reverse. One of these is the aldolase reaction. Write out the mechanism for the aldolase reaction in reverse to synthesize fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from two different phosphotrioses. Include the structures and names of all substrates and products and note all necessary cofactors, if any. NOTE: Acceptable abbreviations for compound names and cofactors are ok.