Prоmpts: Clаim: Stаte whether yоu аgree оr disagree with the idea that Elgin's actions were justified. Evidence: Use specific evidence from the Sanchez article. You can paraphrase or quote. If you quote, explain the quote. Use a parenthetical (in-text) citation. This is the evidence that explains why you made the claim you did in #1. Choose some of the facts that Sanchez presents that best supports your position. Connect your evidence to your claim: Add a statement that connects your evidence to your claim. This statement should explain why the evidence supports your claim. Works Cited: Include a full MLA citation for the Sanchez article. You should already have this completed because you had to do this for the MLA Works Cited Entries assignments from Module 2. Tips: Name the article and author before discussing the author's ideas. Name the article and author by using a narrative in-text citation to introduce the source. Write this in a full sentence. If you cannot remember what a narrative in-text citation is, please go back to the Citing Sources Module after you complete this assignment. Text of the Sanchez article: Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): STILL STANDING, PHOTOGRAPH BY MLENNY /GETTY IMAGES The Parthenon had withstood centuries of abuse from outsiders when Lord Elgin removed its remaining sculptures in the early 1800s. An act of preservation or pillage? End caption. “How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles” BY JUAN PABLO SÁNCHEZ. This story appears in the March/April 2017 issue of National Geographic History Magazine. In 1801 a British nobleman stripped the Parthenon of many of its sculptures and took them to England. Controversy over their acquisition by the British Museum continues to this day. Was it preservation, or pillage? DURING THE 1700s, a European Grand Tour was a rite of passage for the sons of wealthy families. Lasting for up to three years, and taking in Switzerland, Paris, and Rome, the high point of this secular pilgrimage for most travelers was Greece. On arriving in Athens, the first sight these young tourists would look for was the Acropolis and its crowning glory: the pillared Parthenon, dedicated to the warrior goddess Athena. Yet even as the Grand Tour became increasingly popular, laying the foundations for modern tourism, this great monument, studded with the work of the great Athenian sculptor Phidias, was at risk of disappearing entirely. Since the 15th century, Greece had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire, whose troops had converted the Acropolis into a garrison, and whose sultan, Mehmed II, had turned the Parthenon itself into a mosque, complete with a minaret. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): PHOTOGRAPH BY JOSSE/SCALA FLORENCE Detail from the western frieze of the Parthenon. British Museum, London End caption. In 1687, during a war fought between Venice and the Ottomans, the great monument was used by the Ottomans to store gunpowder. Exposed on the Acropolis, the Parthenon was a highly vulnerable target, and ni September that year, a deadly blow fell: A Venetian mortar struck it, causing a colossal explosion that destroyed its roof, leaving only the pediments standing. Later, the Venetian admiral Francesco Morosini tried to remove sculptures in order to take them back to Venice. The pulley he was using broke, and the figures, including a large Poseidon, was smashed to pieces. Morosini withdrew from Athens with the dubious of honor of having caused more damage to the Parthenon in just one year than it had suffered in the two millennia since Socrates and Pericles had watched its slow rise over Athens at the end of the fifth century B.C. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): RESTORING PRIDE: PHOTO BY MICHELE FALZONE. GETTY IMAGES The Acropolis dominated the skyline of classical Athens. Later used as a garrison and arms dump by the city's Ottoman occupiers, the site has been restored to its former splendor since Greece regained its independence n 1832. End caption. Parthenon in Peril By the middle of the 18th century yet more of the ruined Parthenon's decoration had been plundered. The site's precariousness only encouraged travelers to carry off items, as many believed it would be razed to the ground before long anyway. "It is to be regretted that so much admirable sculpture as si still extant about this fabric should be all likely to perish ...from ignorant contempt and brutal violence" warned Richard Chandler, an English antiquarian, in 1770. A few years later, the Irish painter Edward Dodwell reported that huge quantities of marble from the Parthenon had been broken up in order to build cabins for a garrison. On hearing about the situation, many western travelers and collectors sought to acquire treasures pillaged from the Parthenon on the local black market in an attempt to "save" them from destruction. Some collectors claimed this was perfectly legal, as they removed items with the connivance of the Ottoman authorities. Many collections of Parthenon statuary housed in the world's museums today were acquired in this way. The most famous and significant was brought to London beginning in 1803 by the former British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, the nobleman Thomas Bruce- more commonly known as Lord Elgin. Taking the Marbles Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine, was an aristocrat with a promising political career. During the first years of the war with revolutionary France, he held various diplomatic posts in Vienna, Brussels, and Berlin. He returned to his native Scotland in 1796, where he built a splendid country mansion at Broomhall. The architect behind the project was Thomas Harrison, who shared his client's passion for Greek sculpture and architecture. In 1799 Lord Elgin's diplomatic services were again required--this time as ambassador to the Ottoman sultan Selim III, who was keen to foster allies from Europe who would help him boost his defenses against Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, then under indirect Ottoman rule. Having married hastily in September 1799, Elgin set sail from Portsmouth with his new wife, the heiress Mary Nisbet, bound for Constantinople (now Istanbul). Before Elgin left, Harrison urged him to use his privileged position to get hold of drawings and copies of Greece's great monuments. Lord Elgin agreed and enlisted a team of artists directed by the painter Giovanni Battista Lusieri. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin. Portrait by Anton Graff, 1788. PHOTOGRAPH BY AKG/ALBUM End caption. On their arrival, Lord and Lady Elgin were lavishly received by the sultan. While his wife organized sumptuous parties, Lord Elgin sent Lusieri and his team to Athens to sketch ancient works of art, as requested by Harrison. Lusieri was given free rein to carry out his work-except when it came to the Acropolis. In order to gain access to the monument, the Ottomans demanded large daily payments, and they refused to let the painter set up a single piece of scaffolding. Lusieri then asked Lord Elgin to request a firman, a special permission from the sultan himself. On July 6, 1801, Lord Elgin received authorization, not only to survey and take casts of the sculptures but also to remove whatever pieces were of interest to him-or at least that's how Elgin interpreted this now controversial passage from the sultan: "When they wish to take away some pieces of stone with old inscriptions and figures, no opposition be made." Having won the favor of the governor of Athens, Lusieri and his men dismantled a large part of the frieze from the Parthenon as well as numerous capitals and metopes. Finally in 1803, the huge collection of marbles was packed up into about two hundred boxes, which were then loaded onto wagons and transported to the port of Piraeus to await their passage to England. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): DID ELGIN HAVE PERMISSION TO TAKE THE MARBLES? Removal of marbles from the Parthenon in 1801. Watercolor by Edward Dodwell. Packard Humanities Institute, California PHOTOGRAPH BY PACKARD HUMANITIES INSTITUTE Any answer to this question, one which has bedeviled British-Greek relations for years, is based on interpretation of the document at the heart of the affair: the firman, the decree issued by Sultan Selim Il to Elgin, which was used as a justification to take the marbles. Despite the ambiguity of the language in the firman, the landmark 1967 study by British historian William St. Clair, Lord Elgin and the Marbles, concludes that the sultan did not allow the removal and export of statues and reliefs from the Parthenon. A clause authorizing the British to take stones. "with old inscriptions and figures" probably referred to items found in the excavations conducted on the site, not artworks adorning the temples. Later, Elgin and his associates would recognize before the parliamentary committee that this act was probably illegal, but they justified it as a way to save the pieces from the damage and looting to which they had been subjected under Ottoman rule. Romancing the Stones: Elgin's work men removed a total of 15 metopes from the Parthenon. They also took247 feet-just under half-of the total frieze, as well as removing one of the caryatids (female sculptures) from the nearby portico of the Erechtheion, and four fragments from the frieze of the temple to Athena Nike. End caption. The Marbles go to London Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): STORIES IN STONE. ART BY CONNOLLY / A KG/ ALBUM Defenders of Lord Elgin argue that the removal of the marbles ensured their preservation. His critics point out that British attitudes to conservation were not always historically sensitive. For many centuries the marbles had been covered with a dark patina, the remains of the decoration applied in antiquity. The current appearance of the sculptures owes much to the highly controversial restoration carried outinthe1930s,in which aggressive cleaning methods over whitened the pieces and even altered their surfaces. This cross section show the Parthenon would have looked in antiquity identifies where the friezes (1), metopes (2), and pediments (3) seen in the following photos would have been located. End caption. Transporting the marbles to the United Kingdom was beset with problems from the outset. One of the ships was wrecked near the island of Kythira, where the cargo of treasures lay on the seafloor for two years before being retrieved. Hostilities with France, and the possibility of the hoard falling into French hands, led Elgin to request that a British warship docked in the port of Piraeus near Athens take the heaviest sculptures from the Parthenon pediments. Elgin had managed to keep the marbles from the French, but the same could not be said about his own person: Crossing France on his homeward journey to London, he was imprisoned and remained in custody in Pau near the Spanish border for three years until 1806. Once back in London, he began new negotiations to get the Ottoman government to authorize the second shipment of statuary, which left Piraeus in 1809. Having brought the statues and reliefs to England, Lord Elgin proposed putting them on public display-a noble idea that was undermined by his intention to "restore" the statues. Elgin hoped to re- create the missing sections of each piece. To carry this out, he put forward the name of the most important neoclassical sculptor of the time, Antonio Canova. Canova, a Venetian, refused to touch the treasures, protesting: "It would be a sacrilege for any man to touch them with a chisel." From 1807, Elgin exhibited the marbles that had arrived in Britain in a house that he leased in Park Lane, near Piccadilly in London. The display was a sensation, attracting a huge number of artists and academics. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): Caryatid from the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, taken to England by Lord Elgin in 1806. The remaining five caryatids, which supported the portico of the temple, a r e held ni the Acropolis Museum of Athens. PHOTOGRAPH BY BRITISH MUSEUM/SCALA. FLORENCE End caption. The costs of shipping the marbles were paid out of Lord Elgin's own pocket He calculated he had spent a total of £74,000 in expenses and bribes-more than a million dollars in today's money. Despite his title, Elgin was not a very rich man, especially after 1808 when he faced a ruinous divorce settlement. Feeling the pinch, he put pressure on the British government to buy the collection. In 1812 he deposited the marbles in the home of the Duke of Devonshire and mobilized his contacts to talk up the value of the pieces and warn against the danger of them falling into foreign hands. In 1816 Parliament created a commission to assess Elgin's offer, a decision that caused a huge stir in the press. The country was divided among those who considered they should be bought for the nation, those who considered them a waste of money, and those like the poet Byron who excoriated Elgin for taking them in the first place. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): PHOTOGRAPH BY GRANGER/ALBUM; COLOR: SANTI PÉREZ. THE PRICE IS RIGHT? Negotiations for the sale of the Parthenon sculptures tothe British crown unleashed a blazing controversy about the artistic value of the pieces. Should they be bought with public money? And was it even legal to take them out of Greece in the first place? How Much?! The 1816cartoon by George Cruikshank (above) shows Lord Elgin trying to sell the sculptures to "John Bull," embodying the sober Englishman who thinks that the money needed would be better used to serve the needs of his family. Here's a bargain for you, Johnny? Only £35,000!! I have bought them on purpose for you! Never think of Bread when you can have Stones so wondrous cheap!! I don't think somehow that these here Stones are perfect! And had rather not buy them at present. Trade is very Bad and provision very Dear, and my Family can't Eat Stones! Besides, they say it will cost £40,000 to build a place to put them in-As the Turks gave them to our Ambassador in his Official capacity for little or nothing & solely out of compliment to the British Nation -I think he should not charge such an Enormous price for Packing & Carriage. Don't buy them, Daddy! We don't want them Stones. Give us Bread! give us Bread! Give us Bread! Let him take his Stones back again to the Turks. We don't want them in this Country!! End caption Holding On to Their Marbles In 1816 the commission finally fixed the price of the marbles at £35,000 (approximately $500,000 in today's money)-less than half Elgin's asking price. Parliament approved the sale by a very tight margin: 82 votes in favor and 80 against. Lord Elgin, a staunch patriot, had turned down lucrative offers from other governments for the treasures, and argued al along that the marbles would add luster to Britain's imperial image. Taking the long view, he was justified in anticipating the sense of national pride Britain would feel for the marbles, and in time it became commonly accepted that the nation had purchased them for a song. One of the greatest artworks in human history was now housed in the middle of London, avital propaganda tool in projecting the image of the British Empire as civilized and benign. After spending several years in a temporary facility, the marbles were moved to the Elgin Room in the British Museum in 1832. As the exhibition had an educational purpose, providing models for artists, the original pieces were displayed together with molds of the missing fragments. The originals, in fact, made up only around 60 percent of the whole display. In the 1930s work began on a new room that would display only the originals, whose surface texture and color had been altered due to a rigorous (but poorly supervised) cleaning in preparation for display. The Duveen Gallery, named after the businessman who financed it, was completed in 1938 but installation of the marbles was halted by World War II. During the Nazi raids on London, the marbles were put into storage, and the Duveen Gallery itself suffered serious bomb damage. The space was restored and finally opened to the public in 1962. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): PHOTOGRAPH BY DEA / ALBUM The Elgin Goblet, made from engraved crystal, shows a scene from the Parthenon frieze. John Northwood, 1873. Museum of Birmingham. End caption. Since regaining independence in 1832, successive Greek governments have petitioned for the return of the Parthenon marbles. During her service as the Greek minister of culture between 1981 and 1989, the actress Melina Mercouri reenergized the repatriation campaign. The new Acropolis Museum of Athens, which opened in 2009, includes a specially designed space to house the marbles for the day-fervently awaited by many Greeks--they are reunited with other treasures from the Parthenon and the Acropolis. Not surprisingly, the British Museum has so far refused all requests to give up one of its most popular exhibits. The Parthenon marbles have become the most visible, and notorious, collection of Acropolis artifacts still housed in museums across Europe, often with the justification that such objects are emblematic of European civilization as a whole, not just of Greek heritage. Captions for copyrighted images (not included here): 1817: THE FIRST ELGIN ROOM, PHOTOGRAPH BY BRITISH MUSEUM/SCALA. FLORENCE This 1819 painting by Archibald Archer depicts the exhibition of the marbles in their first, temporary space in the British Museum. The American painter Benjamin Westand the director of the British Museum library, Joseph Planta, appear seated in armchairs (left). The metopes are displayed high on the wall, and the running frieze is displayed at eye level. The statue of Dionysus from the eastern pediment (center) sits within the center of the room, along with the head of a horse from Selene's carriage. The artist, Archibald Archer, included himself in the painting, sketching (bottom right). End caption.
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