Rising fоg frоm the bаy (cаsts, cаst) an eerie feeling оver the port.
Questiоn 1: (25 pоints) Hоw did the аssignment 3 process go for you this semester? Whаt specificаlly went well?
Sоurce: Jоurney tо Eternаl Life: Ancient Egyptiаn Artifаcts, Mummies, and Pyramids, Smithsonian Magazine.Many questions remain about the construction of Great Pyramids of Giza. Most of the stone for the Giza pyramids was quarried on the Giza plateau itself. Marks of the quarry workers are found on several stone blocks giving names of the work gangs such as "craftman-gang". Part-time crews of laborers probably supplemented the year-round masons and other skilled workers. Egyptians had copper tools such as chisels, drills, and saws that may have been used to cut the relatively soft stone. The hard granite, used for burial chamber walls and some of the exterior finishing, would have posed a more difficult problem. Workmen may have used an abrasive powder, such as sand, with the drills and saws. Knowledge of astronomy was necessary to orient the pyramids to the cardinal points, and water-filled trenches probably were used to level the perimeter. A tomb painting of a colossal statue being moved shows how huge stone blocks were moved on sledges over ground that was first made slippery by using liquid. The blocks were then brought up ramps to their positions in the pyramid. Finally, the outer layer of casing stones was finished from the top down and the ramps dismantled as the work was completed. Source: Dr. Mark Lehner, quoted in “How Egypt's Great Pyramid Changed Civilization” Scientific American, 2015.When Lehner and his team began excavating the site, they expected to find a small encampment at most—a handful of buildings where poor, low-status laborers lived. Instead the team uncovered something far more elaborate—a city whose layout and architecture had been carefully preplanned by Khufu's regime. The buildings each contained hearths and sleeping platforms for 20 people—the number of men in a work team—plus an extra room that may have been for their supervisor. South of the complex stood the bakeries and breweries, as indicated by the bread ovens and beer jars found in the remains. There are silos for storing grain and an enclosure wall that may have been used as a corral for livestock. West of the bakeries is a neighborhood that boasted big houses. The garbage dumps in this area showed that the residents were eating a lot of very expensive veal, and clay seals found near by have the titles of high-ranking individuals, suggesting that the buildings served as the homes and offices for the city's administrators. Far from being treated little better than slaves, the estimated 6,000 residents appear to have lived quite comfortably. The findings suggest that after a long day's work of unloading the barges, the pyramid builders would have headed into town to eat. The smell of baking bread and brewing beer would have drifted from the bakeries. Meat would have been offered, too—probably goat for the crew, beef for the foreman. And remains of ceramic shipping containers suggest that they may have had access to olive oil imported from the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, a luxury unavailable to most Egyptians. Questions: 1. Based on these sources, what do experts know about the construction of the pyramids? 2. What evidence does Mark Lehner use to study the lives of the pyramid workers? Your answer must be in your own words and supported by specific evidence from the reading. Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.