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The text belоw is frоm Pаscаl's bоok Pensées DO NOT GO TO THE INTERNET TO DO YOUR HOMEWORK. Pаscal’s Wager is an strong and interesting argument, but it’s essential to DO IT YOURSELF before you go look at other people’s answers. And, as usual, I have heavily edited and provided help for you. A note on this text:This is a selection from Pascal's Pensées, translated by W. F. Trotter in 1910. It is heavily edited for clarity by me, your professor. If there is a God, He is infinitely incomprehensible, since, having neither parts nor limits, and existing beyond the world of physical sense, He can have no physical relationship to us. We are therefore incapable of knowing whether or not He exists. Because the use of science cannot answer the question, we must have recourse to another way to decide whether to believe or not. Question: What is Pascal saying about God here? Why would we blame Christians for not giving scientific reasons for their belief, since their very religion says there is none? They declare, in preaching their religion to the world, that it is foolish to do so (I Corinthians. 1. 21) […] and then you complain that they do not prove it! If they proved it, they would be contradicting themselves; if they therefore lack proofs then that does not mean they lacking good sense […] Let us then examine this question and honestly say there are two options: “God is, or He is not.” This no one can doubt. But to which side should we answer? Science and observation can decide nothing here. There is an infinite chasm which separates us from God. We can think of this as a kind of coin-flip in which either heads or tails will turn up. What will you choose? According to science, you cannot answer either way, and you cannot defend either of the propositions. Question: fill-in the probabilities on the top part of your “Pascal’s Wager: The Decision Matrix” in the workbook. Do not, then, complain about those who have made a choice; for you know nothing about it. You say, “No, I do not blame them for having made a choice, but for choosing in the first place; because both he who chooses heads and he who chooses tails are equally wrong. The true course is not to wager at all." The truth of the matter is you must wager. It is not optional. You are already embarked and so you must choose. Which will you choose then? Let us look at the choices. Since you must choose, let us examine which choice is more in your interest […] let us examine your happiness. Let us weigh the gain and the loss of whether or not God exists. Let us estimate these two chances. If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Wager, then, without hesitation that He is. Question: connect this passage to modern utilitarianism. Again you say, “That is very fine. Yes, I must wager; but I may perhaps wager too much.” Let us see. Since there is an equal risk of gain and of loss, if you could double the years of your life, you might still wager either way. But if you could triple the years of life you gain, it would be an imprudent calculation not to chance your life to gain three at a game where there is an equal risk of loss and gain. Question: Using the metaphor of the coin-flip, fill out the probability chart found in your workbook. But here we are looking at an eternity of life and happiness. […] There is here an infinity of a happy life to gain, and equal chance of gain against loss, but if you lose you lose a finite amount. […] Question: instead of a three-fold payoff, how much of a payoff do you get if God exists and you believe? Even in a coin-flip game, every player stakes a certainty to gain an uncertainty, and in normal circumstance we stake a finite certainty to gain a finite uncertainty, without transgressing the rules of reason and probability. But in this choice, there is an infinity between the payoff of gain versus loss. In an equal coin-flip game, the payoff from gain is equally proportioned to the payoff of loss so that, if there are as many risks on one side as on the other, the course is to play both sides equally. But in our case, the question if you should believe in God nor not, there is an infinite gain compared to finite loss. […] This is the simple probability that I have demonstrated and all men who use acknowledge reason must assent this proposition. Now you say […] “Yes, but even with this calculation, I am not released from doubt, and I cannot make myself believe. What should I do?” Your objection is fair. The calculation of your interest cannot motivate true belief. The path you must now take is a different one. You do not need to convince yourself by multiplying proofs of God, but by reducing your passions. You want to attain faith and do not know the way; you ask to cure yourself of unbelief and seek a remedy. What you must do is emulate those who have been faithless like you are now, and who now stake all their possessions. These are people who know the way which you would follow, and who are cured of an ill which you want be cured. Follow the example they have set: by acting as if they believed, taking the holy water, having masses said, etc. Some pray because they believe, some come to believe because they pray, and you must follow the road of the latter. If you kneel down and pray this will naturally make you believe, and reduce the restlessness of your wandering mind. Question: in your own words, what is Pascal’s response to this objection to his argument? But to show you that this leads you there, it is this which will lessen the passions, which are your stumbling-blocks. Perhaps you still object that you have only one life to live, and that you wish to live as you please. To which I answer, what harm will befall you in taking this side? You will be faithful, humble, grateful, generous, a sincere friend, and truthful. Certainly you will not have those poisonous pleasures, the desire for glory, luxury, and arrogance. I will tell you that you will thereby gain in this life, and that, at each step you take on this road, you will see so great certainty of gain, so much nothingness in what you risk, that you will at last recognize that you have wagered for something certain and infinite, for which you have given nothing.” Question: What do you think of Pascal’s list of virtues? How does it compare in your mind to the virtues of the knight, Stoic, or Bushido? Question: What do you think of these vices that Pascal talks about? Do they lead to people who are less happy, and also less kind to others?
Prоvide the 14 Pоints оf blood through the heаrt аnd body. Stаrt with the RIGHT ATRIUM. Please number each item.