Reading for Questions 1-3 “The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year…. [I]t would seem… that the  Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race…. [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs… that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.” Bartoleme De Las Casas, 1552   Question: An implicatio of Las Casas’ argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the:

Reading for Questions 9-11 “[George] Washington’s gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role…. Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed ‘General Washington’s Sewing Circle.’ “Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women’s efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,… could reflect proudly that ‘whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.’” Mary Beth Norton, historian, “The Philadelphia Ladies Association,” American Heritage, 1980. Question: During and immediately after the Revolutionary era, which of the following resulted most directly from the efforts of women such as those described in the excerpt?

  All of the following groups would have been likely to agree with the image’s depiction of Andrew Jackson EXCEPT

Reading for questions 14 – 15  “[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores.” Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 Question: French exploration of North America, as reflected in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following?

“The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following was the most significant impact of the South’s expansion described in the excerpt?

Reading Question 16 – 17 “English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military.  Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown”. Edmund Morgan, historian, “The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607 – 1618”, published in 1971   Question: Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? 

Reading for questions 14 – 15  “[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores.” Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 Question: The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French:

Questions 18 – 20 for this image:    Question: Looking at the above graph, in which years were indentured servants most popular? 

“The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt?

Image for questions 6 -8 Question: The image most directly reflects the belief held by many in 1788 that: