Which research method uses questionnaires or interviews to discover descriptive characteristics of phenomena?

The questionnaire item, “Do you support enforcement of gun control legislation and the death penalty?” with a response set of yes, no, and not sure, is an example of:

True or False: In single-subject design, multiple measurement points during baseline helps control for regression to the mean.

For the following item, identify the independent variable: “Transracial adoption affects a child’s sense of racial identity and self-esteem.”

An instrumentation effect occurs when: 

For the following item, indicate whether a research question, a null hypothesis, directional hypothesis or non-directional hypothesis is being tested: Cognitive therapy more effectively reduces depression in men than psychodynamic psychotherapy.

In social work studies testing hypotheses involving the variable “level of social functioning,” that variable is:

According to Bryce (1888), opinion itself is synonymous with the methods used to assess it.

An individual acts in a crowd the same way that they would act as an isolated individual, according to LeBon.

Identify the level of measurement of the following variable: The Beck Depression Inventory total score (scale ranges from 0 to 25)