An inner ear tumor has damaged a patient’s gelatinous otolithic membrane including its bounded calcium crystals called ear stones, AKA otoliths or otoconia. You expect them to have loss of which special sense?

The sodium-potassium ATPase electrogenic pump actively transports (3 or 2) sodium cations into the (ECF or ICF) then transports in (3 or 2) potassium cations into the (ECF or ICF). Hint – recall our membranes are polarized with a light negative charge buildup on the inner ICF side of the membrane and, in neurons and muscle cells, they must always return to this state via repolarization after they depolarize to fire an action potential, and they do so via this pump.

Normal intravenous (IV) saline used clinically, where isosmolality (i.e. at 300mOsm) and an isotonic effect are desired, includes what specifications?

Which scientific physical law states that energy in the universe is constant, meaning nothing is ever created and nothing is ever destroyed.

True or False: An emergent property, like consciousness, is one which you can predict based on knowledge of its individual components; put another way, an emergent property is one that is equal to the sum of its individual parts.

When ions move across the cell membrane, an electrochemical potential energy change results. Neurons take advantage of this to pickup sensory information and stimulate skeletal muscle movement, e.g., when you grab your pen to write, your brain uses sensory feedback from your fingers to modulate and refine movement of the skeletal muscles that control them. With that, which type of gated channel is operating most proximately (initially) in this pathway to allow sensory neuronal signaling to the brain?

The VOR (vestibulocochlear reflex) occurs when our eyes try to stabilize our focus during movement and do so via which three cranial nerves (remember the spinning we did in lab)? Hint: recall the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular (extrinsic) eye muscles, not the cranial nerve involved in phototransduction. 

True or False: The primary roles of our phospholipids are to fill the potentially permeable spaces in a cell membrane’s lipid bilayer while also keeping our membranes flexible over a wide range of temperatures.

The stapedius muscle attached to the stapes bone is innervated by the ___________nerve whereas the tensor tympani muscle attached to the tympanic membrane is innervated by a mandibular sub-branch of the ____________nerve.

Recall that all important carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer reaction mediated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase for this question: The citric acid cycle is functioning all the time and thus producing carbon dioxide. When we exercise and the rate of aerobic metabolism goes up, production increases drastically. Eventually, if CO2 builds up in the body this will lead to a (decrease or increase) in body pH via the law of mass action. Thus, as long as we are healthy, there will be a reflexive (decrease or increase) in breathing to compensate.