Which cellular process is inhibited by picornaviruses to promote their own translation?

The 5’ end of the poliovirus genomic RNA contains all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Plasmodium protozoans are transferred to humans via mosquito bites leading to malaria disease development. This is what type of symbioses? 

Some picornaviruses have depressions, called “canyons”, on the surface of the virions. Which of the following describes the role that these depressions play?

Tuberculosis can develop when as few as 10 cells enter the respiratory system. Compared to Gonorrhea disease development which needs 100s to 1000s of cells, Tuberculosis’ infectious dose is more virulent. 

M. luteus needs small amounts of nickel for its enzyme urease to function. This makes nickel a:

Why is lane #1 “- RNA” (no RNA) included in this experiment (Fig. 2)? Slide2.JPG

Which structure allows cap-independent translation of poliovirus?

What is the expected size of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) protein?

Which region of the poliovirus genome is necessary for cap-independent translation based on the result (Fig. 1)? Slide1.JPG